Tham khảo Vai trò của Kitô giáo trong nền văn minh

  1. ↑ Brooke, John H.; Numbers, Ronald L. biên tập (2011). Science and Religion Around the World. New York: Oxford University Press. tr. 71. ISBN 978-0-195-32819-6.
  2. ↑ Johnson, P. (2000). The Renaissance: a short history. Modern Library chronicles (Modern Library ed.). New York: Modern Library, p. 9.
  3. ↑ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
  4. ↑ Verger 1999Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFVerger1999 (trợ giúp)
  5. ↑ Haskins, Charles H. (1898). “The Life of Medieval Students as Illustrated by their Letters”. The American Historical Review. 3 (2): 203–229. doi:10.2307/1832500.
  6. ↑ Chadwick, Owen p. 242.
  7. ↑ Hastings, p. 309.
  8. ↑ Stark, p. 104.
  9. ↑ Kreeft, p. 61.
  10. ↑ Bokenkotter, p. 465
  11. ↑ Gilley, Sheridan (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Brian Stanley. Cambridge University Press. tr. 164. ISBN 0521814561. ... Many of the scientists who contributed to these developments were Christians...
  12. ↑ Steane, Andrew (2014). Faithful to Science: The Role of Science in Religion. OUP Oxford. tr. 179. ISBN 0191025135. ... the Christian contribution to science has been uniformly at the top level, but it has reached that level and it has been sufficiently strong overall...
  13. ↑ L. Johnson, Eric (2009). Foundations for Soul Care: A Christian Psychology Proposal. InterVarsity Press. tr. 63. ISBN 0830875271. .... Many of the early leaders of the scientific revolution were Christians of various stripes, including Roger Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, Francis Bacon, Galileo, Newton, Boyle, Pascal, Descartes, Ray, Linnaeus and Gassendi...
  14. ↑ “100 Scientists Who Shaped World History”. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 4 năm 2016.
  15. ↑ “50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God”. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 4 năm 2016.
  16. ↑ S. Kroger, William (2016). Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 1787203042. Many prominent Catholic physicians and psychologists have made significant contributions to hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.
  17. ↑ “Religious Affiliation of the World's Greatest Artists”. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 4 năm 2016.
  18. 1 2 “Wealthy 100 and the 100 Most Influential in Business”. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 4 năm 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 E. McGrath, Alister (2006). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. tr. 336. ISBN 1405108991. Virtually every major European composer contributed to the development of church music. Monteverdi, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Rossini, and Verdi are all examples of composers to have made significant contributions in this sphere. The Catholic church was without question one of the most important patrons of musical developments, and a crucial stimulus to the development of the western musical tradition.
  20. ↑ A. Spinello, Richard (2012). The Encyclicals of John Paul II: An Introduction and Commentary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. tr. 147. ISBN 1442219424. ... The insights of Christian philosophy "would not have happened without the direct or indirect contribution of Christian faith" (FR 76). Typical Christian philosophers include St. Augustine, St. Bonaventure, and St. Thomas Aquinas. The benefits derived from Christian philosophy are twofold....
  21. ↑ Roy Vincelette, Alan (2009). Recent Catholic Philosophy: The Nineteenth Century. Marquette University Press. ISBN 0874627567. ....Catholic thinkers contributed extensively to philosophy during the Nineteenth Century. Besides pioneering the revivals of Augustinianism and Thomism, they also helped to initiate such philosophical movements as Romanticism, Traditionalism, Semi-Rationalism, Spiritualism, Ontologism, and Integralism...
  22. ↑ Hyman, J.; Walsh, J.J. (1967). Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC 370638.
  23. ↑ Brown, J. Encyclopaedia Perthensis, Or, Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, Etc.: Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference, Volume 18. University of Minnesota. tr. 179. ISBN 0191025135. ... Christians has also contributed greatly to the abolition of slavery, or at least to the mitigation of the rigour of servitude.
  24. ↑ Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2016). Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set. Pickle Partners Publishing. tr. 174. ISBN 1787203042. ... In the centuries succeeding the REFORMATION the teaching of Protestantism was consistent on the nature of work. Some Protestant theologians also contributed to the study of economics, especially the nineteenth-century Scottish minister THOMAS CHALMERS....
  25. ↑ “Religion of History's 100 Most Influential People”. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 4 năm 2016.
  26. ↑ “Religion of Great Philosophers”. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 4 năm 2016.
  27. ↑ Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p.57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. Most (65.4%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. ISBN 978-0935047370
  28. ↑ Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, p.4
  29. ↑ Brague, Rémi (ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 2009). The Legend of the Middle Ages. tr. 164. ISBN 9780226070803. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 2 năm 2014.
  30. ↑ Ferguson, Kitty Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe Walker Publishing Company, New York, 2008, (page number not available – occurs toward end of Chapter 13, "The Wrap-up of Antiquity"). "It was in the Near and Middle East and North Africa that the old traditions of teaching and learning continued, and where Christian scholars were carefully preserving ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language."
  31. ↑ Rémi Brague, Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization Lưu trữ 2013-09-27 tại Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Britannica, Nestorian
  33. ↑ BBC, BBC—Religion & Ethics—566, Christianity
  34. ↑ Kuehl, Nancy L. (2013). A Book of Evidence: The Trials and Execution of Jesus. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. tr. 1–29.
  35. 1 2 Geoffrey Blainey; A Very Short History of the World; Penguin Books, 2004
  36. ↑ van Kooten, George H. (2010). “1:Christianity in the Greco-Roman world”. Trong D. Jeffrey Bingham (biên tập). The Routledge Companion to Early Christian Thought. New York: Routledge. tr. 24. ISBN 978-0-415-44225-1.
  37. ↑ Padinjarekutt, Isaac (2005). Christianity Through The Centuries. Mumbai: St.Paul's. tr. 32.
  38. ↑ Bardill, Jonathan (2012). Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76423-0.
  39. ↑
  40. ↑ Dunn, Dennis J. (2016). A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values. Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. tr. 60. ISBN 978-3-319-32566-8.
  41. ↑ Koenig, Harold G.; King, Dana E.; Carson, "Verna Benner" biên tập (2012). Handbook of Religion and Health . New York: Oxford University Press. tr. 22–24. ISBN 978-0-19-533595-8.
  42. ↑ Monroe, Paul (1909). A Text-book in the History of Education. London, England: The Macmillan Company. tr. 253.
  43. ↑ Haight, Roger D. (2004). Christian Community in History Volume 1: Historical Ecclesiology. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group. tr. 273. ISBN 0-8264-1630-6.
  44. ↑ Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. tr. 1. ISBN 0-8020-8218-1.
  45. ↑ Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011; pp 214–215.
  46. 1 2 3 Witte (1997), p. 23.
  47. ↑ Witte (1997), p. 30.
  48. ↑ Witte (1997), p. 31.
  49. ↑ Power, p 1.
  50. ↑ Kenneth Clarke; Civilisation, BBC, SBN 563 10279 9; first published 1969.
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  53. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1887). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Volumes 1,2,3. 1. New York: Harper and Brothers. tr. Preface.
  54. 1 2 Peters, Edward (1989). Inquisition. Berkley, Cal.: University of California Press. tr. 318. ISBN 0-520-06630-8.
  55. ↑ Schaus, Margaret (2006). Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. tr. 842-842. ISBN 978-0-415-96944-4.
  56. ↑ Swenson, Don. Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction.
  57. ↑ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01007e.htm (Montalembert, "The Monks of the West," Bk. XV.)
  58. 1 2 3 Kenneth Clarke; Civilisation, BBC, SBN 563 10279 9; first published 1969.
  59. ↑ “Catholic Encyclopedia: Frederick Ii”. Newadvent.org. ngày 1 tháng 9 năm 1909. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2011.
  60. ↑ Morris, Colin, The papal monarchy: the Western church from 1050 to 1250 , (Oxford University Press, 2001), 271.
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  62. 1 2 Madden, Thomas F. (2014). The Concise History of the Crusades . New York: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1574-0.
  63. ↑ Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2009). What Were the Crusades? . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. tr. ix–xvii. ISBN 978-0-230-22609-0 Kiểm tra giá trị |isbn=: giá trị tổng kiểm (trợ giúp). |ấn bản= có văn bản dư (trợ giúp)
  64. ↑ Gönenç, Levent (2002). Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. tr. 218. ISBN 90-411-1836-5.
  65. ↑ Kim, David; Kaul, Susanne biên tập (2015). Imagining Human Rights. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter. tr. 13–17. ISBN 978-3-11-037619-7.
  66. 1 2 Goyette, John; Latkovic, Mark S.; Myers, Richard S. biên tập (2004). St. Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law Tradition: Contemporary Perspectives. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. tr. Introduction. ISBN 0-8132-1378-9.
  67. ↑ Abba, Joe Barth (2017). Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas on Justice and Human Rights: A Paradigm for the Africa-cultural Conflicts Resolution-Nigerian Perspectives. Zürich: Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. tr. 31. ISBN 978-3-643-90909-1.
  68. ↑ Tumber, Howard; Waisbord, Silvio biên tập (2017). The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights. New York: Routledge. tr. 412–414. ISBN 978-1-138-66554-5.
  69. ↑ Gushee, David (2013). The Sacredness of Human Life: Why an Ancient Biblical Vision Is Key to the World's Future. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdman's. tr. 164–213. ISBN 978-0-8028-4420-0.
  70. ↑ Heinrich Bornkamm, Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937
  71. ↑ Original German title: Dass eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeine Recht und Macht habe, alle Lehre zu beurteilen und Lehrer zu berufen, ein- und abzusetzen: Grund und Ursach aus der Schrift
  72. ↑ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 4–10
  73. ↑ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage, p. 325
  74. ↑ Quoted in Jan Weerda, Calvin, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210
  75. ↑ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, p. 10
  76. ↑ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, S. 396–397
  77. ↑ Cf. M. Schmidt, England. Kirchengeschichte, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band II (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 476–478
  78. ↑ Nathaniel Philbrick (2006), Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, Penguin Group, New York, N.Y., ISBN 0-670-03760-5
  79. ↑ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 65–76
  80. ↑ Christopher Fennell (1998), Plymouth Colony Legal Structure, (http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html)
  81. ↑ Hanover Historical Texts Project (http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html)
  82. ↑ M. Schmidt, Pilgerväter, in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), col. 384
  83. ↑ Christopher Fennell, Plymouth Colony Legal Structure
  84. ↑ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel (2002), The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower, DK Publishing, Inc., New York, N.Y., ISBN 0-7894-8903-1, p. 61
  85. ↑ Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2016). The Human Record: To 1500 Sources of Global History. 1 . New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. tr. 6–17. ISBN 978-1-285-87023-6.
  86. ↑ Stauch, Marc; Wheat, Kay (2015). “12.1.2.1:The Sanctity of human life by H.Kuhse”. Text, Cases & Materials on Medical Law. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-02402-1.
  87. 1 2 Lecky, W.E.H. (1920). HIstory of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne. 2. London, England: Longman's, Green, and Co.
  88. ↑ Gushee, David P. (2014). In the Fray: Contesting Christian Public Ethics, 1994–2013. Eugene, Oregon,: Cascade Books. tr. 109. ISBN 978-1-62564-044-4.Quản lý CS1: dấu chấm câu dư (liên kết)
  89. ↑ Wicks, Elizabeth (2016). The State and the Body: Legal Regulation of Bodily Autonomy. Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing Co. tr. 74,75. ISBN 978-1-84946-779-7.
  90. ↑ Gardner, Jane F. (1991). Women in Roman Law & Society. Indianapolis: Indianna University Press. tr. 67. ISBN 0-253-20635-9.
  91. ↑ Painter, Luke (2017). Finding the Roots of Christianity: A Spiritual and Historical Journey. Eugene, Oregon: Resource Publications. tr. 104. ISBN 978-1-5326-1031-8.
  92. ↑ Cohick, Lynn (2009). Women in the World of the Earliest Christians: Illuminating Ancient Ways of Life. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic Publishing. tr. 195. ISBN 978-0-8010-3172-4.
  93. ↑ Macy, Gary (2013). “Get the facts in order”. U.S. Catholic Faith in Real Life. 78 (1): 18–22. |ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp)
  94. ↑ Blaney, Geoffrey (2014). A Short History of Christianity. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield. tr. 19, 20. ISBN 978-1-4422-2589-3.
  95. ↑ Keller, Tim (2008). The Reason for God Belief in an age of skepticism. New York: Penguin Books. tr. 249. ISBN 978-0-52595-049-3.
  96. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harper, Kyle (2013). From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, Massachusettes: Harvard University Press. tr. 4. ISBN 978-0-674-07277-0.
  97. 1 2 3 Langlands, Rebecca (2006). Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. tr. 10. ISBN 978-0-521-85943-1.
  98. ↑ Younger, John (2005). Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z. New York: Routledge. tr. 106. ISBN 978-0-415-24252-3.
  99. 1 2 3 Witte (1997), p. 20.
  100. 1 2 Power (1995), pp. 1–2.
  101. ↑ “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sacrament of Marriage”.
  102. 1 2 Feige, Diana, and Franz G M. Feige. "Love, Marriage, and Family in Puritan Society." Dialogue & Alliance 9, no. 1 (ngày 1 tháng 3 năm 1995): 96–114. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed ngày 3 tháng 12 năm 2010). P109
  103. 1 2 “The no-sex 'myth'”. BBC News. ngày 3 tháng 10 năm 2002.
  104. 1 2 Noble, p.230
  105. 1 2 Stark, p.104
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  107. ↑ Nathan (2002), p. 91.
  108. ↑ Shahar (2003), p. 33.
  109. ↑ Witte (1997), p. 29, 36
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  111. ↑ Shahar (2003), p. 18.
  112. ↑ Shahar (2003), p. 88. "The ecclesiastical conception of the inferior status of women, deriving from Creation, her role in Original Sin and her subjugation to man, provided both direct and indirect justification for her inferior standing in the family and in society in medieval civilization. It was not the Church which induced husbands to beat their wives, but it not only accepted this custom after the event, if it was not carried to excess, but, by proclaiming the superiority of man, also supplied its moral justification."
  113. ↑ Shahar (2003), p. 12.
  114. ↑ Power (1995), p. 2.
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  118. ↑ Sunshine, Glenn S. (2009). Why You Think the Way You Do: The Story of Western Worldviews from Rome to Home. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. tr. 44. ISBN 978-0-310-29230-2.
  119. ↑ Stark, Rodney (ngày 1 tháng 7 năm 2003). "The Truth About the Catholic Church and Slavery". Christianity Today.
  120. ↑ “IN SUPREMO APOSTOLATUS”.
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  122. ↑ Woods, p. 135.
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  124. ↑ Koschorke, p.287
  125. ↑ Woods, p. 137.
  126. ↑ Johansen, p. 110, quote: "In the Papal bull Sublimis deus (1537), Pope Paul III declared that Indians were to be regarded as fully human, and that their souls were as immortal as those of Europeans. This edict also outlawed slavery of Indians in any form ..."
  127. ↑ Noble, p. 454.
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  130. ↑ Duffy, p. 221.
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  137. ↑ Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. tr. 17, 213. ISBN 0-521-56671-1.
  138. ↑ "Because he would not accept the Formula of Concord without some reservations, he was excommunicated from the Lutheran communion. Because he remained faithful to his Lutheranism throughout his life, he experienced constant suspicion from Catholics." John L. Treloar, "Biography of Kepler shows man of rare integrity. Astronomer saw science and spirituality as one." National Catholic Reporter, ngày 8 tháng 10 năm 2004, p. 2a. A review of James A. Connor Kepler's Witch: An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order amid Religious War, Political Intrigue and Heresy Trial of His Mother, Harper San Francisco.
  139. ↑ Richard S. Westfall – Indiana University The Galileo Project. (Rice University). Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 7 năm 2008.
  140. ↑ “The Boyle Lecture”. St. Marylebow Church.
  141. ↑ Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003),Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p.57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion Most 65.4% have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference.
  142. 1 2 3 4 5 Shalev, Baruch (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. p. 59
  143. ↑ “Bona, Algeria”. World Digital Library. 1899. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 9 năm 2013.
  144. ↑ Durant, Will (1992). Caesar and Christ: a History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325. New York: MJF Books. ISBN 1-56731-014-1.
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  147. ↑ Alexander Jones, "Book Review, Archimedes Manuscript" American Mathematical Society, MayThật vậy, hình học và các ứng dụng của nó (các công cụ kiến ​​trúc và kỹ thuật chiến tranh) vẫn là một đặc người sản của Byhe Byzantines.Mặt trước của Vienna Dioscurides, trong đó cho thấy một bộ bảy bác sĩ nổi tiếng Mặc dù học thuật bị tụt hậu trong những năm đen tối sau cuộc chinh phục Ả Rập, vào thời kỳ Phục hưng Byzantine vào cuối thiên niên kỷ đầu tiên, các học giả Byzantine tái khẳng định mình trở thành chuyên gia trong những lĩnh vực khoa học của người Ả Rập và Ba Tư, đặc biệt là thiên văn học và toán học.<ref>King 1991, tr. 116–118Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFKing1991 (trợ giúp).
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  169. ↑ “How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization”. Catholic Education Resource Center. tháng 5 năm 2005.
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